Joel W. Grossman, Ph.D. — Professional Biography and Project Summaries

Summary of National and International Archaeological Expeditions,

Federally Mandated Programs, and Applied Technology Initiatives

Joel W. Grossman, Ph.D., Principal Investigator

GeospatialArchaeology.com

jwgnyny@gmail.com | Tel: 212-920-4648

Ver. 26 — Rev. 6-5-2026

Preface

Joel W. Grossman received his B.A. in Anthropology (1967) and his Ph.D. in Peruvian and North American archaeology from the University of California, Berkeley, with the fiscal support of the National Science Foundation, the Ford Foundation, a U.S. Department of State Fulbright Fellowship, and a UC Berkeley Special Career Fellowship (Grossman 1968, 1970–1971).

Dr. Grossman’s scientific accomplishments include major prehistoric and historic discoveries in coastal and desert areas of California, the Four Corners region of the American Southwest, the north coast desert of Peru, and the south-central Andes of Peru. His major discoveries include the earliest evidence of New World metallurgy and the deeply buried remains of the original early seventeenth-century shoreline block of the Dutch West India Company at Pearl Street, recovered largely intact beneath eight to twelve feet of urban landfill in Lower Manhattan, New York (Grossman et al. 1983, 1985; Grossman 2003, 2011, 2022b).

In South America, he discovered and excavated the earliest evidence of pre-Inca gold working — a gold-worker’s tool kit found together with fifteen 3,500-year-old burials — establishing the origins of New World metallurgy at 1,500 cal BC (Grossman 1972a, 1972b, 1983, 2013, 2022a).

In Puerto Rico, he was selected by the USEPA to plan and direct the emergency, geophysics-based, targeted discovery and rescue excavation of two prehistoric Taino sites in the path of a $100 million federal work stoppage (Grossman et al. 1988, 1990).

His first published article in Andean archaeology documented a cache of eleven ceramic press-molds recovered from a looted burial at the pre-Inca temple mound of Huaca Facho in the Lambayeque Valley, under the direction of Dr. Christopher Donnan (UCLA) — published in 1969–1970 in the Berkeley Institute of Andean Studies journal Ñawpa Pacha (Grossman 1969–1970).

A. National and International Grants and Awards (1968–1971)

1. 1968–1969 — National Science Foundation (NSF) Research Grant and Ford Foundation Fellowship. The NSF Research Grant supported pre-doctoral archaeological field research in the south-central highlands of Peru, funding the first phase of survey and excavation in the Province of Andahuaylas, Apurímac, Peru. The Ford Foundation Fellowship, awarded concurrently, supported advanced graduate research in Andean archaeology at the University of California, Berkeley.

2. 1970–1971 — U.S. Department of State Fulbright-Hayes Senior Research Fellowship; and UC Berkeley Special Career Fellowship — Highest Graduate Award of the University of California, Berkeley Department of Anthropology. The U.S. Department of State and Institute of International Education (IIE) Fulbright-Hayes Senior Research Fellowship supported Dr. Grossman’s second season of field research in Andahuaylas, Apurímac, Peru, culminating in the discovery of the earliest evidence of metal technology in the New World at the site of Waywaka. Held concurrently, the UC Berkeley Special Career Fellowship — the highest graduate award of the UC Berkeley Department of Anthropology — provided additional support for the same field program.

B. National and International Andean Pre-Inca Expeditions and Programs (1961–2004)

1. 1961–1964 — Early Field Training, California and the American Southwest. Dr. Grossman’s early training began while he was still a high school student in California. Fascinated by archaeology from an early age, he was admitted — while still in high school — into UCLA’s senior and graduate-level Archaeological Field School, held at Cedar City, Utah (Summer 1961), where he trained in archaeological field logistics and the excavation of early semi-subterranean Puebloan pit houses. This early field experience led to his first professional appointment as a crew chief supervising excavations of Pueblo pit house and cliff-house ruins at Cimarron Boy Scout Ranch in the Four Corners region.

In the summer of 1962, still a high school student, he was selected as Crew Chief under Dr. Keith Johnson at the excavation of the Puente Rincón site (SBA-1) in Santa Barbara, California, where he supervised the excavation of a 7,000 BP prehistoric occupation zone at the crest of a ridge of prehistoric deposits above the shoreline where Cabrillo had landed in 1538. It was here that he first deployed applied technology to define the limits of a buried semi-subterranean pit house: by sampling soil to measure pH across a grid and mapping variations in soil acidity, he was able to delineate the outline of a roughly 20-foot-wide prehistoric pit house cut into sandy, shell-laden deposits (Evans, Grossman, and Tomey 1968).

By the time he matriculated at UC Berkeley as a third-year undergraduate in anthropology and archaeology, Dr. Grossman had already accrued four years of advanced archaeological field training. In 1965, while still an undergraduate Junior, he was appointed by the State of California — at the recommendation of Francis A. Riddell, Chief Archaeologist of the California State archaeology program — to co-direct the excavation of the deeply buried early occupation deposits at the Buena Vista Lake site in the San Joaquin Valley of central California, discovered the prior summer (1964) by Dr. David Fredrickson. Grossman planned and directed the archaeological discovery and excavation of the deeply buried early cultural layers, found beneath approximately twelve feet of cement-like caliche. The excavation was conducted under extreme conditions — 110°F temperatures and difficult hardpan — using a bulldozer to open a 12 × 55-meter trench before hand excavation recovered what proved to be one of the best-preserved assemblages of the California San Dieguito culture in western North America, including fresh-water shell fragments, chalcedony flakes, finely shaped serpentine atlatl weights, and chipped-stone crescents. A radiocarbon determination originally returned a date of 5650 BC; recalibration using modern calibration curves (IntCAL20) now places the occupation at ca. 7,650 cal BP (Grossman 1968b; Fredrickson and Grossman 1977).

2. Early Summer 1968 — Field Training under Dr. Christopher Donnan: Excavation of the Pre-Inca Desert Temple Site of Huaca Facho, Lambayeque Valley, Peru. In 1968, during his first year as a doctoral candidate at UC Berkeley, Dr. John H. Rowe — the leading expert in Inca and pre-Inca archaeology in the United States — arranged for Grossman to serve as summer intern under Dr. Christopher Donnan, the renowned expert in the archaeology and iconography of early pre-Inca Moche culture. Under Dr. Donnan’s direction, Grossman was taken to the Lambayeque Valley on the northern coastal desert of Peru to record surviving polychrome murals exposed by looters at the large, heavily looted pre-Inca temple mound of Huaca Facho.

While Dr. Donnan recorded polychrome murals exposed in a series of inset façade niches, Grossman surveyed the surrounding site, recovering from the backfill of one looted tomb a substantial assemblage of looter-rejected ceramic press-molds used in antiquity for the manufacture of face-neck jars — one of the largest such caches documented in Andean archaeology. He used those molds to reconstruct positive models and was invited to publish his first Andean report in 1969 in the prestigious Andean archaeology journal ‘Ñawpa Pacha’ (“Ancient Times” in Quechua), published by Berkeley’s Institute of Andean Studies (Grossman 1969–1970).

3. Late Summer 1968 — Field Survey and Surface Collection at Huari, Ayacucho: Pre-Inca Capital of the Middle Horizon Wari Empire (600–1000 AD). After completing fieldwork at Huaca Facho, Grossman spent six weeks in Cuzco — the base of operations for UC Berkeley Andean archaeologists — acclimatizing to the 11,000–13,000 ft. elevations of his upcoming study area. He then traveled alone to the central Andean city of Ayacucho, home of the pre-Inca Wari capital at the site of Huari (ca. 600–1000 AD), to conduct field survey and surface collection of ceramic sherds. While surveying the capital site, he recovered a small but important sample of brightly decorated Wari ceramics belonging to what proved to be the previously unrecorded earliest phase of the Wari culture — identified by Dr. Dorothy Menzel, one of his lead PhD supervisors at Berkeley and the university’s leading expert in Middle Horizon Wari culture, as unique examples of the Chakipampa Phase 1A style, dating to ca. 600 AD.

Upon his return to Berkeley, with the continued support of his Ford Foundation and NSF funding, Grossman spent a semester in the Lowie Museum collection laboratory reconstructing the ceramic forms and decorative elements of this earliest phase of the Wari style, working under Dr. Menzel’s supervision and with the assistance of ceramic specialist and collections director Larry Dawson. His resulting graduate paper on the finds, submitted for Dr. Rowe’s Anthropology 220C seminar, received high marks (Grossman 1968).

4. Summers 1968 and 1969 — Residence in Cuzco with Dr. John H. Rowe’s Team: Pre-Expedition Acclimatization and Planning for Highland Andean Fieldwork.

In both the early summer of 1968 and the early summer of 1969, Dr. Grossman spent extended periods in Cuzco — the historic Inca capital and the base of operations for UC Berkeley’s Andean archaeological programs — under the direction of Dr. John H. Rowe, Director of Berkeley’s Institute of Andean Studies and the leading authority on Inca and pre-Inca archaeology in the United States. These residencies served the dual purpose of physiological acclimatization to the 11,000–13,000 ft. elevations of the south-central Andean study area and logistical planning for the upcoming field expeditions to Pampachiri (1969) and Waywaka (1970–1971). In Cuzco, Grossman worked alongside Dr. Rowe’s team, acquainting himself with Inca architecture, ceramic chronology, and the documentary record of the south-central highlands that would inform his subsequent excavations.

5. 1969 — Recording of a Rare Pre-Inca Textile-Wrapped Mummy Bundle, Pampachiri, Andahuaylas. In 1969, supported by Ford and NSF grants administered through Berkeley’s Institute of Andean Studies, Dr. Rowe and his University of Cuzco colleague Dr. Oscar Nuñez del Prado launched a joint expedition into the south-central Andes of Apurímac to locate and record reported mummy bundle remains. The expedition was co-directed by Joel W. Grossman (UC Berkeley) and Dr. Luis (“Lucho”) Barreda Murillo (University of Cuzco), with three mandates: (1) to record new archaeological sites, (2) conduct surface collection in search of new pre-Inca ceramic styles, and (3) document any surviving elements of a reported brightly colored polychrome mummy bundle — objects commonly preserved in coastal desert sands but rarely encountered in the Andean highlands.

The joint UC Berkeley–University of Cuzco team traveled to Pampachiri by way of passes above 13,000 feet. The team successfully documented and photographed surviving fragments of the mummy bundle textiles, which had been preserved and stored in the town’s high school. All surviving textile elements were recorded and photographed. Dr. Grossman obtained a radiocarbon date of 1228 cal AD (UCLA 1497A) from one fragment. Surface collections at two well-preserved pre-Inca settlements, known locally as Chichaqasa (Ap2-19) and Ch’naqota (Ay 5-2), also yielded twelve finely made prismatic blades of basalt and chalcedony, interpreted as inserts for U-shaped sickles or scythes for harvesting quinoa and maize, as illustrated by the early seventeenth-century chronicler Guamán Poma de Ayala (Grossman 1971).

The residents of Pampachiri honored the arrival of the archaeological team with a delicious feast of roasted piglet and a diverse array of indigenous Andean potatoes and local greens. They then staged the rarely documented indigenous “bullfight” known as the Corrida de Cóndor — also called the Yawar Fiesta (“Blood Festival”) or Tupupuklllay (“Game of the Bull”) — in which a living condor, captured using fermented meat and strapped to a bull’s back with wooden spikes and leather cords, is pitted against the bull in a ritual symbolizing the enduring struggle between Andean indigenous culture and the Spanish colonial legacy. The condor, if it survives, is released as a positive omen for the coming year. Dr. Grossman’s photographic record of the event is among the few such documentations in Andean archaeology and ethnography; the ceremony was not observed again by outsiders until 1980–1981, when Cornell University archaeologist Monica Barnes witnessed a comparable event, later published without photographs in 1994 (Barnes 1994, 13–18).

6. 1970–1971 — Discovery of the Origins of New World Metallurgy, Waywaka, Andahuaylas, Apurímac, Peru. Supported by a U.S. Department of State Fulbright-Hayes Senior Research Fellowship and UC Berkeley Special Career Fellowship, Dr. Grossman directed a one-year controlled excavation (1970–1971) at the site of Waywaka — an 11,000-ft. ridge-top site overlooking the colonial city of Andahuaylas, originally recorded by Rowe and Nuñez del Prado in their 1954 survey of the region (Rowe 1956). Selected on the advice of Dr. Rowe, who counseled against sites with extensive architecture that might produce deep intrusive disturbances, Waywaka offered an undisturbed naturally stratified sequence ideal for reconstructing a pre-Inca chronology for the south-central highlands.

Excavation revealed a deeply stratified two-meter-deep sequence of culturally distinct pre-Inca deposits spanning approximately 3,500 years. The lowest layers — the Muyu Moqo phase, named after the site where it was first identified — yielded the oldest known evidence of gold metallurgy in the New World: a gold-worker’s tool kit consisting of two nested oval pumice bowls, three finely ground cylindrical hammer stones, a carefully polished mushroom-shaped stone anvil, and gold foil flakes, all recovered on sterile bedrock in association with fifteen tightly flexed human burials. A large piece of hammered gold foil, approximately 4 cm in length and bent through the perforation of a blue stone bead, was recovered from the mouth of Burial No. 4. Subsequent fine-screen water-sieving of adjacent midden levels recovered 53 additional gold foil flakes and 58 blue stone beads. The gold foil evidence pushed the origins of New World metallurgy back approximately one thousand years before the previously accepted Chavín horizon date of ca. 800 BC — to approximately 1,500 cal BC (Grossman 1972a, 1972b, 1983).

Overlying the Muyu Moqo deposits were two more recent ceramic phases: the Qasawirka style — a finely burnished red-slipped pottery found in a compact near-surface layer containing double-faced stone walls, a cobble-lined cistern, and aligned rectilinear structures — and a surface ploughzone layer of mixed later ceramics. Six new high-resolution AMS radiocarbon determinations by the Keck Carbon Cycle AMS Facility at UC Irvine now fix the Qasawirka occupation at 685–887 cal AD, a 200-year span (Grossman, in press).

Dr. Grossman’s original 1,500 cal BC dating for the gold finds was disputed by several Andean archaeologists, who published opinions — without new evidence — asserting the gold dated to no more than 1,000 BC (Shimada 1994; Bray 1998–1999; Aldenderfer 2008). Five subsequent high-resolution AMS radiocarbon determinations, computed as a weighted average by Beta Analytic, confirmed Dr. Grossman’s original dating without qualification. In 2021, Roberto Lleras — former Director of the Colombian Gold Museum in Bogotá — invited Dr. Grossman to present his most current AMS dating evidence before Peru’s VIII National Congress of Archaeology, hosted by the Peruvian Ministry of Culture in Lima (August 16–22, 2021), a high-profile government-sponsored venue that provided a strong international rebuttal to five decades of critical commentary. The paper was simultaneously broadcast on Lima’s television Channel 24 and published in Spanish in the 2022 Congress Proceedings (Grossman 1972a, 1972b, 1983, 2013, 2021, 2022a).

7. 1982 — Field Training Program in Advanced Archaeological Technologies: Lima, Cuzco, and Ayacucho — Under UNESCO–OAS–Andrés Bello Auspices.

The fieldwork phase of the 1982 Visiting Scholar program — described in full in Section D.1 — took Dr. Grossman throughout the coast and highland cities of Lima, Cuzco, and Ayacucho, training senior INC archaeologists in applied technology field methods and testing GPR at twelve government-selected Inca and colonial cities. The program was conducted during a period of extreme political violence caused by the Sendero Luminoso guerrilla insurgency in the Andean highlands.

In Ayacucho, the dangers of the insurgency were immediate and personal. Dr. Grossman narrowly avoided a kidnapping attempt during his fieldwork in the city. More gravely, during his visit, his host — Dr. Walter Wong, Chairman of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Ayacucho — was killed in a period of extreme political violence. These circumstances added profound logistical and personal complexity to the completion of the training program and GPR field tests in the southern highlands (Grossman et al. 1982, 1983).

8. 1990–2004 — Continued Andean Research and Publication. Ongoing scholarly publication and conference presentations on Andean pre-Inca metallurgy, ceramic sequences, and environmental archaeology, including invited papers at the Society for American Archaeology (SAA) and international venues, and the 2022 Spanish-language publication on pre-Inca gold-working origins (Grossman 2022a).

C. Federally Mandated Urban Archaeological Work Stoppages and Emergency Programs (1977–1997)

1. 1977–1982 — Raritan Landing, New Jersey: A Buried Colonial Port — EPA Work Stoppage.

See Section E-1 below for full description. This $100 million federal work stoppage under NEPA, directed by Dr. Grossman as Principal Investigator for Rutgers University’s Robeson Archaeological Survey Office (RASO), represented the first strategic deployment of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), 3D laser-IR transit survey, overhead stereo photogrammetry, and on-site real-time computerized artifact data control in U.S. urban archaeology (Grossman 1982, 2003, 2008a).

It was Dr. Grossman’s invited presentation of the Raritan Landing applied technology results at the 1981 OAS national directors conference in Quito, Ecuador (see C.2 below), that directly led to his selection as Peru’s first UNESCO–OAS–Andrés Bello International Visiting Scholar in 1982.

2. 1981 — Invited Presentation, OAS Conference of National Directors of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Quito, Ecuador.

Invited to present before all national directors of archaeology and historic preservation throughout Latin America at the Organization of American States (OAS) conference in Quito, Ecuador, Dr. Grossman delivered a major paper on his applied technology innovations at Raritan Landing. In the audience was Dr. Hugo Ludeña, Director of Peru’s Instituto Nacional de Cultura (INC), who subsequently organized the multi-agency UNESCO–OAS–Andrés Bello initiative appointing Dr. Grossman as Peru’s 1982 International Visiting Scholar to train his senior Peruvian archaeologists in advanced field technologies and to test GPR at twelve Inca and colonial sites throughout the coast and highlands of Peru (see Section D.1).

3. 1983–1985 — Broad Financial Center / Pearl Street Excavation, Lower Manhattan.

See Section E-1 below for full description. Federally mandated LPC mitigation of the Dutch West India Company shoreline block (Grossman et al. 1985).

4. 1988–1990 — Loiza Aldea, Puerto Rico: Joint USEPA and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Emergency Work Stoppage.

See Section F-7 below. Deployment of non-contact conductivity system and 3D computer transit recording to map the targeted location of an undisturbed early 600 AD Taino village (Mediania Alta L-22 & L-23), northwest coast of Puerto Rico (Grossman et al. 1990).

5. 1988–1991 — City Hall Park, New York City.

See Section E below. Federally mandated discovery, identification, and documentation of the structural remains of New York City’s first Almshouse (Grossman 1989, 1991).

6. 1989–1995 — West Point Foundry Superfund Site, Cold Spring, New York.

See Section F-9 below. USEPA Region II–mandated HAZMAT excavation of Civil War–era cannon research and development facilities (Grossman et al. 1993; Grossman 1994a, 1994b).

7. 1995–1996 — U.S. Radium Corporation, Orange, New Jersey: Confidential USEPA Region II Superfund Reconstruction.

EPA Region II (radioactivity). Confidential report reconstructing the archaeological, economic, and occupational health history of the U.S. Radium Corporation manufacturing site — source of severe radioactive contamination in northern New Jersey (Grossman et al. 1997).

D. Invited International Scientific Missions and Exchanges (1977–2009)

1. 1982 — Peru's First International Visiting Scholar under UNESCO–OAS–Andrés Bello. Following his invited presentation on applied technology innovations at the 1981 OAS national directors conference in Quito, Ecuador, Dr. Grossman was invited by the Director of the Peruvian Instituto Nacional de Cultura (INC), Dr. Hugo Ludeña — his longtime colleague and collaborator — to serve as Peru's first International Visiting Scholar under the joint auspices and fiscal support of UNESCO, the Organization of American States (OAS), and the Andrés Bello Fund, which provided direct funding to the Peruvian government in support of Dr. Grossman's program.

The Visiting Scholar program was designed to: (1) train senior national archaeologists and architectural historians from Lima, Cuzco, and Ayacucho in Dr. Grossman's applied technology strategies for the investigation of complex urban archaeological sites; and (2) train Peruvian government archaeologists in the hands-on use of electronic systems to test the viability and depth of penetration of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) at twelve government-selected Inca and colonial cities throughout the coast and highlands of Peru. The program was undertaken during a period of internal conflict caused by the Sendero Luminoso insurgency — a context that added logistical complexity to fieldwork in the highlands.

Field tests proved that GPR could 'see' into six of the twelve test sites, producing in one instance a polychrome underground radar map that guided emergency excavation through the buried site with minimum disturbance — a result that remains a benchmark finding in the application of geophysical remote sensing to complex deep-urban archaeological sites. All Peruvian student participants were credited with co-authorship in all program publications, including the 1983 UNESCO report and Dr. Grossman's 2020 article Seeing Underground, published in Contributions to New World Archaeology (Grossman et al. 1982, 1983, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022a).

2. 1992 — Moscow, Russia: Invited Presentation, U.S. Department of State and Russian Institute of Archaeology. Invited by the U.S. Department of State to present a major paper, 'The Civil War Gun Makers of West Point Foundry,' documenting Dr. Grossman's 1989–1995 applied technology–based excavations at the West Point Foundry Superfund site, Cold Spring, New York, before senior archaeologists of the Russian Institute of Archaeology, Moscow. Following the presentation, Russian colleagues flew the American archaeologists by helicopter to inspect major archaeological sites throughout southern Russia (Grossman 1992).

3. 1993 — Stavropol, Southern Russia: Invited Presentation, Second International Conference on Eurasian Roads. Invited by senior Russian archaeologists Dr. Grossman had trained the previous year — who had since adopted all of his applied technology systems — to present one of the first U.S. archaeological papers at a national conference in Stavropol, North Caucasus, September 15–19, 1993, held during a generally unreported coup attempt by renegade Russian army units seeking independence from central Moscow. The paper, 'Pre-Inca Highland Settlement Patterns and Environmental Adaptations in the South-Central Andes of Peru,' compared pre-Inca cultural and environmental adaptations in the Peruvian Andes to comparable Caucasus mountain environments (Grossman 1993). Following the conference, Dr. Grossman was taken to inspect excavations of ca. 1,000-year-old Khazar settlements on the open steppe.

4. 2000 — Budapest, Hungary: Invited Paper, First Annual Regia Civitas Conference. 'Applied Technology in the Discovery and Reanalysis of Colonial Dutch West India Company Remains in Lower Manhattan, New York.' Invited paper presented at the First Annual Regia Civitas Conference, 'Medieval Towns and Its Citizens,' Institute of Archaeology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, June 1–4, 2000 (Grossman 2000a).

5. 2009 — Amsterdam, Holland: Invited Paper, AWAD / Four Centuries of Dutch-American Relations Conference. 'New Insights into Dutch Material Culture of 17th-Century New Amsterdam.' Invited paper, Session IV: Material Culture, VU University Amsterdam, October 15, 2009. Organized by AWAD / Erfgoed Nederland (Netherlands Institute for Heritage) as part of Dr. Grossman's International Visitors Program exchange, which also included scholarly meetings with specialists at the Hortus Botanicus of Amsterdam and Leiden, the Pijpenkabinet (National Pipe Museum), and the New Holland Foundation (Grossman 2009).

E. Major Non-Federal Archaeological and Applied Technology Projects (1976–2004)

1. 1983–1985 — Deep-Urban, Deep-Winter Discovery, Excavation, and 3D Reconstruction of the Seventeenth-Century Dutch West India Company Shoreline Block, Pearl Street, Lower Manhattan. Serving as Principal Investigator and Principal Author for Greenhouse Consultants, Inc., under LPC mandate, Dr. Grossman planned and directed the discovery, excavation, and documentation of the first shoreline block of the Dutch West India Company in Lower Manhattan — the earliest physical evidence of the colony of New Amsterdam. The excavation was conducted entirely under a purpose-built reinforced shelter throughout the winter of 1983–1985, encompassing a one-month site testing phase followed by a two-month full excavation and data-recovery phase, all carried out in deep-winter conditions in Lower Manhattan.

The excavation exposed stone foundations, cobblestone interior floors, yellow brick features, and preserved seventeenth-century surfaces belonging to the first shorefront warehouse of the Dutch West India Company — correctly identified as the warehouse of the Amsterdam firm of Pieter Gabry and Sons (not 'Heerman's warehouse,' as it has been widely but erroneously called in the New York archaeological literature; Augustijn Heerman served only as the firm's on-site administering agent). Also recovered were house foundations and artifacts associated with Cornelius van Tienhoven, Secretary of the Province under Peter Stuyvesant after 1652, and the household of Dr. Hans Kierstede, a prominent New Amsterdam physician. The 1590 Dutch rekenpenning (counting token / jeton) recovered from a cobblestone floor of the warehouse is the only archaeologically excavated 1590-dated jeton in the Western Hemisphere published record (Grossman 2011, 2022b).

Of the 43,314 excavated artifacts — conserved under a formal program at the Smithsonian Institution's Museum Conservation Institute and the Winterthur Museum's conservation laboratories — over half dated from the mid-seventeenth to the first quarter of the eighteenth century, the period of social and economic transition from a Dutch to a British-dominated society. The collection is permanently housed at the New York State Museum, Albany. Ethnobotanical analysis of the recovered colonial plant remains documented a decline of approximately 70 percent in local plant-species diversity between the early and late seventeenth century, providing the first archaeological evidence of the rapid environmental impact of European colonization on the native plant ecology of Lower Manhattan (Grossman et al. 1985; Grossman 2011, 2022b).

2. 1989–1999 — UeNYSe: 3D Interactive Multimedia Reconstruction of the Dutch West India Company Excavation. Served as lead historical and archaeological consultant to The Kauffman Organization, Inc., and SMA Video for the development of the 'Unearthing New York System Elevator' (UeNYSe) — a robotic interactive museum installation produced for a South Street Seaport–managed museum at 17 State Street, New York City. The installation featured a 3D interactive multimedia reconstruction of Dr. Grossman's Dutch West India Company excavation on Pearl Street in Lower Manhattan, incorporating digitized archival maps, photogrammetric site records, and the artifact database compiled during excavation.

Note: H. Arthur Bankoff's entire treatment of Dr. Grossman's discovery in his 400-page monograph on the archaeology of City Hall Park consists of a single sentence: 'Archaeological investigations were undertaken within the park at several locations. Between City Hall and Tweed Courthouse, archaeologists uncovered remains of what is believed to be the First Almshouse kitchen and deposits associated with the structure's demolition' (Bankoff and Loorya 2008:7, citing LPC 1990; Grossman 1991). This characterization omits entirely Dr. Grossman's detailed GIS-based planning, his documentation of the building's foundation walls, builders' trench, front-door entrance and key, and three independent converging lines of archaeological, archival, and cartographic evidence confirming the structure's identity as New York City's original colonial Almshouse. Similarly, Sherene Baugher's treatment of the discovery omits Dr. Grossman's authorship and the convergent lines of evidence (Baugher 2001; Baugher and Lenik 1997; Baugher, Lenik et al. 1990).

Joel W. Grossman, Ph.D.

Professional Biography and Project Summaries

GeospatialArchaeology.com | 1961–2024

Contents

Part I — Professional Biography and Andean Discoveries

Preface

A. National and International Grants and Awards (1968–1971)

B. National and International Andean Pre-Inca Expeditions and Programs (1961–2004)

B.1 1961–1964 — Early Field Training, California

B.2 Early Summer 1968 — Huaca Facho, Peru

B.3 Late Summer 1968 — Huari, Ayacucho

B.4 Summers 1968 & 1969 — Cuzco with Dr. Rowe

B.5 1969 — Pampachiri Expedition

B.6 1970–1971 — Waywaka: Origins of New World Metallurgy

B.7 1982 — Lima, Cuzco, and Ayacucho Field Program

B.8 1990–2004 — Continued Andean Research

C. Federally Mandated Work Stoppages and Emergency Programs (1977–1997)

D. Invited International Scientific Missions and Exchanges (1977–2009)

E. Major Non-Federal Archaeological and Applied Technology Projects (1976–2004)

Part II — Section F: Project Summaries and Official Mandates

File A Selected Inventory of Federal Work Stoppages and Superfund Programs, 1978–2004

F-1 1965 — A San Dieguito Component at Buena Vista Lake, California

F-2 1970–1971 — An Ancient Gold Worker’s Tool Kit — The Earliest Metal Technology in Peru

F-3 1978–1982 — Ground Penetrating Radar to Define and Target the Deep-Winter Rescue Archaeology of a Buried Colonial Port

F-4 1983–1985 — Discovery, Excavation, and 3D Reconstruction of the Seventeenth-Century Dutch West India Company Shoreline Block, Pearl Street, Lower Manhattan

F-5 1986–1990 — The Emergency Rescue Excavation of a 3,000-Year Sequence of Prehistoric and Historic Archaeological Sites, Fort Edward, Glen Falls, New York

F-6 1988–1991 — The Buried History of City Hall Park: Discovery and Documentation of N.Y.C.’s First Almshouse

F-7 1988–1990 — Geophysics and GIS for the Target-Specific Rescue Excavation of a Prehistoric Caribbean Coastal Village

F-8 1992–2007 — The Use of Historic GIS & 3D Terrain Modeling to Reconstruct the Archaeological Sensitivity of the Hackensack Meadowlands, New Jersey

F-9 1989–1994 — GIS, Geophysics & Photogrammetry in the Discovery and Winter Documentation of R.P. Parrott’s Buried Civil War Cannon Proofing Facilities, West Point Foundry, Cold Spring, New York

F-10 1989–1997 — U.S. Radium Corporation, Orange, New Jersey: Confidential USEPA Region II Superfund Investigation

F-11 1997 — Applied Technology in Archaeological Investigation — U.S. Army Environmental Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland

F-12 1999 — The Emergency Documentation of the Buried Colonial Port of Albany with 3D Laser Radar and Single-Camera Photogrammetry

F-13 2001–2002 — Emergency Geospatial Solutions and Mitigation Through Redesign and Avoidance at Furnace Falls Dam, Stanhope, New Jersey

F-14 2004 — 3D True-Color LiDAR of Furnace Falls Dam

Supporting Primary Documents

Doc. 1 Grossman 1971a — Fulbright Interim Field Report, Andahuaylas, Peru

Doc. 2 Grossman 1971b — Fulbright Final Field Report, Andahuaylas, Peru

Doc. 3 Grossman 1982 — Official INC-Peru Contractual Mandate Authorizing the UNESCO–OAS–Andrés Bello Fund International Training Program

Doc. 4 Grossman 2009 — AWAD / Four Centuries of Dutch-American Relations Conference, VU University Amsterdam

All text, images, maps, graphics, data, and intellectual content contained in this document are the exclusive property of Joel W. Grossman, Ph.D., and are protected under U.S. and international copyright law. No portion of this document may be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, displayed, or used in any form or by any means — electronic, mechanical, photographic, or otherwise — without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. Unauthorized use, reproduction, or attribution of any content to other authors constitutes a violation of applicable copyright and intellectual property law.

Section F — Project Summaries and Official Mandates

Joel W. Grossman, Ph.D., Principal Investigator | GeospatialArchaeology.com

International Missions

Following fourteen years of pre-Inca Andean expeditions and landmark discoveries, Joel W. Grossman conducted a series of invited international scholarly missions on behalf of U.S. and international agencies. In 1982 he served as UNESCO Visiting Scholar at Peru’s National Institute of Culture, directing a joint UNESCO–OAS–Andrés Bello Fund training program testing Ground Penetrating Radar at twelve Inca and colonial cities. In 1992 and 1993 he participated in U.S. Department of State People-to-People international educational and scientific training programs, leading exchange missions to the Russian Institute of Archaeology, Moscow, and presenting at a national conference in Stavropol, North Caucasus — the latter held during an unreported coup attempt.

Additional invited presentations were delivered at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest (2000), and at VU University Amsterdam as part of the four-centuries Dutch–American relations commemoration (2009).

U.S. Federal Advisory and Compliance Service

Dr. Grossman’s domestic federal service spanned the legislative, executive, and diplomatic branches of the U.S. government. In 1995 he served as Special Advisor to the U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) — the sole non-academic participant in a cloistered Virginia session with senior university scholars — where he successfully advocated for on-site conservation and real-time data control as federal policy requirements. He also held appointments to the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and to the Department of the Army Environmental Planning unit at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.

Between 1976 and 2004 he directed 36 federally mandated archaeological and environmental compliance programs — 18 emergency work stoppages and 18 pioneering HAZMAT Superfund investigations — nine years of which were conducted under federal security classification.

File A — Selected Inventory of Federal Work Stoppages and Superfund Programs, 1977–2004

18 Superfund / HAZMAT entries highlighted. Total Federal Budget: $4,906,000.

No.	Agency	Type	Project	Cost	End
1	EPA-EIB Region II	Work Stoppage	Raritan Landing — First EPA Work Stoppage	$250K	Dec-82
2	NYC Landmarks Commission	Work Stoppage	Pearl Street / Dutch West India Company Block, Lower Manhattan	$300K	Dec-85
3	EPA-EIB Region II	Work Stoppage	Little Wood Creek–Fort Edward Stage II Mitigation	$900K	Jun-87
4	EPA-EIB Region II	Work Stoppage	Mediania Alta (L-23) & Vieques (L-22), Loiza, Puerto Rico	$500K	Nov-88
5	EPA-EIB Region II	Superfund	Marathon Battery Company Site Stage II, Cold Spring, NY	$790K	Oct-89
6	EPA-EIB Region II	Superfund	Marathon Battery Site Area I Stage I, Cold Spring, NY	$35K	Mar-89
7	EPA-EIB Region II	Superfund	Marathon Battery East Foundry Cove Marine Survey, Cold Spring, NY	$212K	Nov-90
8	EPA-EIB Region II	Work Stoppage	Ensenada Site Stage II, Rincon, Puerto Rico	$150K	Jun-90
9	EPA-EIB Region II	Superfund	DeRewal Chemical Company Site Stage 1A, Frenchtown, NJ	$9K	May-90
10	EPA-EIB Region II	Superfund	Sharkey Landfill Site Stage 1A, Parsippany/Troy Hills, NJ	$7K	Feb-90
11	EPA-EIB Region II	Superfund	Marathon Battery Stage 1BI–Kemble Property, Cold Spring, NY	$19K	Dec-91
12	EPA-EIB Region II	Superfund	Marathon Battery Haul Road Mitigation, Orange County Historical Society	$620K	Oct-91
13	EPA-EIB/USACE	SAMP	Hackensack Meadowlands Stage 1A & 1B, Bergen and Hudson Counties, NJ	$25K	Oct-91
14	EPA-EIB Region II	Superfund	Glen Ridge/West Orange/Montclair Radium Dump Sites Stage 1A, NJ	$15K	Mar-91
15	EPA-EIB Region II	Superfund	CIBA GEIGY Toms River Basin Stage 1A, NJ	$15K	Oct-92
16	EPA-EIB Region II	Superfund	Niagara Mohawk Stage IB, Saratoga Springs, NY	$36K	Apr-92
17	EPA-EIB Region II	Superfund	DeRewal Chemical Company Stage 1B, Frenchtown, NJ	$66K	Mar-92
18	EPA-EIB Region II	Superfund	Niagara Mohawk Saratoga Springs Stage II Mitigation	$190K	Sep-93
19	EPA-EIB Region II	Superfund	CIBA GEIGY Toms River Basin Stage 1B, NJ	$173K	Jun-93
20	EPA-EIB Region II	Superfund	Niagara Mohawk Stage II Workplan, Saratoga Springs, NY	$13K	Apr-93
21	NYC Landmarks Commission	Work Stoppage	Police Service Area No. 4 Stage IB, Lower East Side, Manhattan	$18K	Jul-94
22	EPA-EIB/USACE	SAMP	Hackensack Meadowlands Stage 1A Phase II, NJ	$40K	Jul-94
23	East Hampton Planning	Master Plan	Culloden Point Site Work Plan Development	$7K	Jun-94
24	EPA-EIB Region II	Superfund	Indeck Yonkers Power Transmission Line, Yonkers, NY	$35K	Mar-94
25	EPA-EIB Region II	Superfund	Niagara Mohawk Saratoga Springs Gas Holder 2 Documentation	$19K	Jul-95
26	EPA-EIB Region II	NEPA/106	Horsham Sewer Interceptor Stage II, Montgomery County, PA	$27K	Jul-95
27	EPA-EIB Region II	Superfund	Marathon Battery Collections Transfer & Gun Platform Reconstruction	$64K	Jun-95
28	EPA-EIB Region II	NEPA/106	Horsham Sewer Interceptor Stage IB, Montgomery County, PA	$7K	May-95
29	NYC Housing / LPC	Work Stoppage	Police Service Area No. 4 Stage III Mitigation, Lower East Side, Manhattan	$100K	Feb-95
30	NY State Univ. Construction	Logistical Support	Emergency 3D Recording for Albany Waterfront Excavation	$12K	Jul-99
31	Dept. of the Army	Applied Technology	Applied Technology Protocols — Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD	$30K	Jun-96
32	EPA-EIB Region II	Superfund	US Radium Investigation, Orange, NJ (Confidential)	$110K	95-96
33	NJ DEP/HPO	Work Stoppage	Furnace Falls Dam Mitigation Plan, Stanhope/Netcong, NJ	$48K	Jun-02
34	NJ DEP/HPO	Work Stoppage	Furnace Falls Dam Mitigation Report — Final, NJDEP	$53K	Jun-04
35	USACE	Mitigation Plan	Contributing PA — Paleoenvironmental Model, NJ Meadowlands	$11K	Aug-06

Total Federal Budget: $4,906,000

Section F — Contents

Project Summaries

F-1 1965 — A San Dieguito Component at Buena Vista Lake, California

F-2 1970–1971 — An Ancient Gold Worker’s Tool Kit — The Earliest Metal Technology in Peru

F-3 1978–1982 — Ground Penetrating Radar to Define and Target the Deep-Winter Rescue Archaeology of a Buried Colonial Port

F-4 1983–1985 — Discovery, Excavation, and 3D Reconstruction of the Seventeenth-Century Dutch West India Company Shoreline Block, Pearl Street, Lower Manhattan

F-5 1986–1990 — The Emergency Rescue Excavation of a 3,000-Year Sequence of Prehistoric and Historic Archaeological Sites, Fort Edward, Glen Falls, New York

F-6 1988–1991 — The Buried History of City Hall Park: Discovery and Documentation of N.Y.C.’s First Almshouse

F-7 1988–1990 — Geophysics and GIS for the Target-Specific Rescue Excavation of a Prehistoric Caribbean Coastal Village

F-8 1992–2007 — The Use of Historic GIS & 3D Terrain Modeling to Reconstruct the Archaeological Sensitivity of the Hackensack Meadowlands, New Jersey

F-9 1989–1994 — GIS, Geophysics & Photogrammetry in the Discovery and Winter Documentation of R.P. Parrott’s Buried Civil War Cannon Proofing Facilities, West Point Foundry, Cold Spring, New York

F-10 1989–1997 — U.S. Radium Corporation, Orange, New Jersey: Confidential USEPA Region II Superfund Investigation

F-11 1997 — Applied Technology in Archaeological Investigation — U.S. Army Environmental Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland

F-12 1999 — The Emergency Documentation of the Buried Colonial Port of Albany with 3D Laser Radar and Single-Camera Photogrammetry

F-13 2001–2002 — Emergency Geospatial Solutions and Mitigation Through Redesign and Avoidance at Furnace Falls Dam, Stanhope, New Jersey

F-14 2004 — 3D True-Color LiDAR of Furnace Falls Dam

Supporting Primary Documents

Doc. 1 Grossman 1971a — Fulbright Interim Field Report, Andahuaylas, Peru

Doc. 2 Grossman 1971b — Fulbright Final Field Report, Andahuaylas, Peru

Doc. 3 Grossman 1982 — Official INC-Peru Contractual Mandate Authorizing the UNESCO–OAS–Andrés Bello Fund International Training Program

Doc. 4 Grossman 2009 — AWAD / Four Centuries of Dutch-American Relations Conference, VU University Amsterdam

F-1 1965 — A San Dieguito Component at Buena Vista Lake, California

F-2 1970–1971 — An Ancient Gold Worker’s Tool Kit — The Earliest Metal Technology in Peru

F-3 1978–1982 — Ground Penetrating Radar to Define and Target the Deep-Winter Rescue Archaeology of a Buried Colonial Port

F-4 1983–1985 — Discovery, Excavation, and 3D Reconstruction of the Seventeenth-Century Dutch West India Company Shoreline Block, Pearl Street, Lower Manhattan

F-5 1986–1990 — The Emergency Rescue Excavation of a 3,000-Year Sequence of Prehistoric and Historic Archaeological Sites, Fort Edward, Glen Falls, New York

F-6 1988–1991 — The Buried History of City Hall Park: Discovery and Documentation of N.Y.C.’s First Almshouse

F-7 1988–1990 — Geophysics and GIS for the Target-Specific Rescue Excavation of a Prehistoric Caribbean Coastal Village

F-8 1992–2007 — The Use of Historic GIS & 3D Terrain Modeling to Reconstruct the Archaeological Sensitivity of the Hackensack Meadowlands, New Jersey

F-10 1989–1997 — U.S. Radium Corporation, Orange, New Jersey: Confidential USEPA Region II Superfund Investigation

This entry documents a two-part, 214-page confidential federal investigation conducted under USEPA Region II mandate. The first phase (1989, under Camp Dresser & McKee) comprised a geospatial reconstruction of the subsurface location of U.S. Radium Corporation radioactive dump sites. The second phase (1995–1997, under Malcolm Pirnie, Inc.) addressed classified aspects of worker health history, workforce movement, military involvement, and the forensic history of the young female dial-painter workers employed at the site.

This report is not available for public distribution. The Principal Investigator retains an active federal security classification with respect to this investigation. No title page, table of contents, or project content is reproduced here.

F-11 1997 — Applied Technology in Archaeological Investigation — U.S. Army Environmental Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland

F-12 1999 — The Emergency Documentation of the Buried Colonial Port of Albany with 3D Laser Radar and Single-Camera Photogrammetry

F-13 2001–2002 — Emergency Geospatial Solutions and Mitigation Through Redesign and Avoidance at Furnace Falls Dam, Stanhope, New Jersey

F-14 2004 — 3D True-Color LiDAR of Furnace Falls Dam

Supporting Primary Documents

Doc. 1 Grossman 1971a — Fulbright Interim Field Report, Andahuaylas, Peru

Doc. 2 Grossman 1971b — Fulbright Final Field Report, Andahuaylas, Peru

Doc. 3 Grossman 1982 — Official INC-Peru Contractual Mandate Authorizing the UNESCO–OAS–Andrés Bello Fund International Training Program

Doc. 4 Grossman 2009 — AWAD / Four Centuries of Dutch-American Relations Conference, VU University Amsterdam